Remediation:
A. Bado type 1 fractures are defined by an anterior angulation of the ulnar fracture with anterior dislocation of the radial head. This Monteggia lesion is the most common form in the pediatric population and is thought to result from a fall on an extended and hyperpronated arm. In adults, Bado type-2 injuries are most common.
B. Bado type 2 fractures are defined as posterior angulation of the ulnar fracture and posterior dislocation of the radial head. In adults, Bado type-2 injuries are most common.
C. Bado type 3 fractures are defined as proximal ulnar metaphysis fractures and lateral dislocations of the radial head. Bado type 2 fractures are the most common Monteggia injuries seen in adults.
D. Bado type 4 fractures are characterized by fractures of both the proximal aspect of the ulna and the radius. The radial head is also dislocated, typically anteriorly. Bado type-2 fractures are the most common Monteggia injuries seen in adults.

Remediation:
A. The patient still has discomfort, so an injection with a corticosteroid or local anesthetic would be appropriate.
B. Something should be changed as the current treatment is not providing results. A corticosteroid injection is the next likely step.
C. There is rarely any indication for surgery for an iliac crest contusion. Healing and return to play is individual for each patient.
D. A computed tomography scan is unlikely to change management since a fracture has already been excluded.

Remediation:
A. With growing rods, the expected growth in overall height per year is 1.0 to 1.5 cm.
B-E. Same for all answer choices

Remediation:
A. Type IA fractures involve the anterior rim. This patient has a comminuted glenoid fracture with multiple fracture lines.
B. Type V fractures involve a comminuted glenoid fracture with multiple fracture lines.
C. Type II fractures have a fracture line through the glenoid fossa exiting the scapula laterally.
D. Type III fractures have a fracture line through the glenoid fossa exiting the scapula superiorly.
E. Type IV fractures have a fracture line through the glenoid fossa exiting the scapula medially.

Remediation:
A. The border digit tends to be the more hypoplastic and angulated digit and is the appropriate digit to excise.
B. This would not improve the aesthetics of the foot.
C. Ray resection is a larger procedure than necessary. The border digit tends to be the more hypoplastic and angulated digit and therefore is typically the digit to amputate.
D. Flexor tenotomy is indicated for curly toe, not duplicated toe.

Remediation:
A. mRNA molecules are essential for encoding key proteins needed for osteoblast differentiation and activity.
B. microRNA molecules regulate mRNA expression and are important for maintaining homeostasis of osteoblastic genes.
C. lncRNA molecules have been shown to regulate the translation of mRNAs and are thus capable of regulating osteoblast homeostasis.
D. siRNA molecules are used in the laboratory setting and currently are being studied as therapeutic agents. They do not play a role in the normal regulation of osteoblast homeostasis.

Remediation:

A. The correct reduction maneuver is performed by applying traction, palmar abduction, and pronation with external pressure over the metacarpal base.
B. Palmar abduction (not palmar adduction) is required along with traction, pronation, and external pressure over the metacarpal base.
C. Pronation (not supination) is required along with traction, palmar abduction, and external pressure over the metacarpal base.
D. Palmar abduction (not palmar adduction) and pronation (not supination) is required along with traction and external pressure over the metacarpal base.

Remediation:
A. Type I deformity is characterized by an enlarged 5th metatarsal head or a lateral exostosis of the head.
B. Type II deformity is characterized by lateral bowing of the 5th metatarsal, with a normal intermetatarsal angle (IMA).
C. Type III deformity is characterized by an increased 4-5 intermetatarsal angle (IMA).
D. Type IV bunionette was added to the original classification and has been described as any combination of two or more deformities found in Types I-III.

Remediation:
A. Study results suggest that mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to improve pain and function of the knee joint that is affected by osteoarthritis. It has been shown that 6 months to 1 year following a mesenchymal stem cell injection, knee arthritis and meniscal tears have improved based on radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthroscopic findings.
B. Study results suggest that mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to improve pain and function of the knee joint that is affected by osteoarthritis. It has been shown that 6 months to 1 year following a mesenchymal stem cell injection, knee arthritis and meniscal tears have improved based on radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthroscopic findings.
C. A 32% reduction of size of the cartilage defect has been seen in cartilage defects on the medial femoral condyle.
D. A 32% reduction of size of the cartilage defect has been seen in cartilage defects on the medial femoral condyle. Complete resolution of the cartilage defect has not been seen.

Remediation:
A. Pain management may be helpful for this patient over the long term if an organic cause of her pain cannot be determined, but without aspiration, infection cannot be definitively ruled out.
B. A bone scan may come into play for this patient if there is some concern for loosening or equivocal evidence for infection, but the first option is to aspirate the hip for a synovial white blood-cell (WBC) count and cultures.
C. If this patient had a metal-on-metal bearing THA, then MARS MRI would likely be part of her workup, but given the information provided with the continued pain and elevated inflammatory markers in the setting of rheumatoid arthritis, aspiration is warranted to rule out infection.
D. Despite the fact that this patient's inflammatory markers are "baseline for her," due to her inflammatory disease, continued pain despite physical therapy, and occasional use of opioids, there should be an investigation with aspiration for possible infection.
E. A serum white blood-cell count has not been found to be a useful part of diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection. A synovial white blood-cell count and cultures will provide more definitive information.