Remediation:
A. For a patient with a reported nonanaphylactic reaction to penicillin, a second generation cephalosporin can be used safely since there is limited cross-reactivity.
B. For a patient with a reported nonanaphylactic reaction to penicillin, a second generation cephalosporin can be safely used. In addition, clinical studies show that vancomycin alone as prophylaxis increases the risk for a surgical site infection.
C. Clindamycin is a bacteriostatic agent. For a patient with a nonanaphylactic reaction to penicillin, a second generation cephalosporin is a preferred choice.
D. Levofloxacin alone is not used for antibiotic prophylaxis. A second generation cephalosporin can be used safely since there is limited cross-reactivity.

Remediation:
A. A dovetail locking mechanism has more backside wear.
B. A smooth finish on the tibial surface, rather than the polyethylene undersurface, has lower backside wear.
C. A peripheral locking mechanism has been shown to have lower backside wear.
D. A smooth finish on the tibial surface has lower backside wear.

Remediation:
A. The characteristic radiographic finding is an enlarged 5th metatarsal head in a Type I bunionette.
B. The characteristic radiographic finding is lateral bowing in a Type II bunionette, which is seen here.
C. The characteristic radiographic finding is an increased 4-5 intermetatarsal angle in a Type III bunionette.
D. A Type IV bunionette has proximal and distal deformities.

Remediation:
A. Simple volar dislocations of the PIP joint are concerning for a central slip rupture. PIP immobilization in extension for 6 weeks is appropriate to allow the central slip to heal without a gap.
B. Simple volar dislocations of the PIP joint are concerning for injury to the central slip, not the lateral bands.
C. Simple volar dislocations of the PIP joint are concerning for a central slip, not collateral ligament injury. Extension of the PIP joint tensions the accessory collateral ligaments.
D. Simple volar dislocations of the PIP joint are concerning for central slip, not volar plate injury. Extension of the PIP joint tensions the volar plate.

Remediation:
A. Correction of the genetic defect in the hematopoietic stem-cell progenitors does not impact the disease process, as cells outside the bone marrow space can generate bone.
B. Attempts to correct the genetic defect would not be expected to lead to an increase in ectopic bone formation.
C. Studies by Kaplan, et al. have shown that bone marrow transplantation results in minimal improvement in the formation of ectopic bone formation in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
D. Treatment impacting the bone marrow stem-cell compartment does not alleviate ectopic bone formation in this disorder.

Remediation:
A. Growing rods are the best option to delay the need for fusion.
B. Fusion at this young age will likely lead to crankshaft phenomenon.
C. While this will prevent progression, the thorax will be substantially shortened from fusion at this young age.
D. This technique is effective at a younger age for certain congenital scoliosis patterns.

Remediation:
A. The radial nerve is the second most commonly injured nerve.
B. The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve is the third most commonly injured nerve.
C. Injury to the posterior interosseous nerve is relatively rare but is theoretically at most risk near the proximal anterolateral portal.
D. The ulnar nerve is the most commonly injured nerve in arthroscopic elbow contracture release. The majority of injuries are transient palsies.

Remediation:
A. The patient has a fully segmented hemivertebra, which has a higher risk for progression at about 2° to 3.5° per year.
B-D. Same as A

Remediation:
A. Most large studies show no difference in outcomes or rerupture rates when comparing hamstring and patellar tendon autografts.
B. The use of allograft is consistently associated with higher rerupture risks when compared with autograft.
C. High-grade chondral injuries at the time of reconstruction are associated with worse outcomes postoperatively.
D. Functional bracing has not been shown to have a protective effect postoperatively.
E. Outcomes following revision surgery tend to be worse than outcomes after primary surgery.
F. Trochlear morphology affects recurrence rates after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, but not anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Remediation:
A. The structure identified with the arrow is the posterior tibial tendon. This is the most commonly entrapped structure in tibial pilon fractures.
B. The structure identified with the arrow is the posterior tibial tendon, not the tibial nerve. The tibial nerve is rarely entrapped in pilon fractures.
C. Same as A
D. The structure identified with the arrow is the posterior tibial tendon, not the flexor digitorum longus tendon.
E. The structure identified with the arrow is the posterior tibial tendon, not the flexor hallucis longus tendon.