Remediation:
A. An open fracture is an indication for irrigation and debridement as well as open reduction and internal fixation.
B. Surgery is indicated for isolated ulnar shaft fractures with 10° or more of angulation.
C. Cortical displacement of >50% is an indication for surgery.
D. Surgery is indicated when an ulnar shaft fracture is associated with instability of the distal radioulnar joint.

Remediation:
A. With adequate reduction, the risk of nonunion in a 13-year-old patient is low.
B. Infection is not a complication associated with avulsion of the greater trochanter.
C. With avulsion of the greater trochanter in a skeletally immature patient, osteonecrosis is a concern due to disruption of the blood supply at the time of injury, an intra-capsular hematoma, or an iatrogenic injury during treatment.
D. Malignancy is not a complication associated with avulsion of the greater trochanter.

Remediation:
A- D.   The Denver screening criteria state that any patient with a cervical spine fracture is at high risk for a blunt vertebral artery injury and should undergo screening with CTA.

Remediation:
A. A1 is a centered head with a loss of the joint space.
B. A2 is a centered head with medialization of the joint with glenoid bone loss.
C. B1 is posterior subluxation of the humeral head with loss of joint space but no bone loss.
D. B2 is posterior subluxation of the humeral head with a biconcavity due to posterior rim bone loss.
E. C is a retroverted glenoid due to erosions or a congenital dysplasia.

Remediation:
A. Spasticity develops in the joints with innervation distal to the level of the injury.
B. Approximately two-thirds of children with a spinal cord injury eventually develop scoliosis that requires operative stabilization, typically within 18 months to 2 years after the injury.
C. A C7 level injury will typically not substantially impact independent respiratory function.
D. Patients who sustain a spinal cord injury will sometimes suffer from bouts of uncontrolled hypertension as a result of autonomic dysfunction.

Remediation:
A. The chondrocytes of the hypertrophic zone become enlarged and ultimately undergo apoptosis.
B. Same as A
C. Hypertrophic chondrocytes in the lower mineralized zone undergo apoptosis so that the transition from growth plate to metaphysis is abrupt and is designated by the last intact layer of chondrocytes.
D. From the metaphyseal side of the growth plate, chondroclasts attack the mineralized cartilage matrix and rapidly remove the septa between individual chondrocytes, allowing vascular invasion and osteoblast progenitors.

Remediation:
A. The initial treatment of an A4 pulley rupture is rest, splinting, pulley rings, or taping as needed.
B. Operative A4 pulley reconstruction is not the first-line treatment for an A4 pulley rupture.
C. Same as B
D. The patient can make a full fist with normal strength. Primary repair of the A4 pulley is not indicated. Late bowstringing is not expected to develop.

Remediation:
A. The radiographs show narrowing of the lateral pole of the navicular, consistent with Mueller-Weiss syndrome.
B. Kohler's disease (osteochondrosis/ischemic necrosis of the navicular) typically occurs in children younger than 10 years of age.
C. The patient is young for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). Additionally, there is both hindfoot and midfoot pain with radiographic findings of Mueller-Weiss syndrome. PTTD would instead have uncoverage of the talar head on radiographs.
D. The midfoot joints are not narrowed on the anteroposterior radiograph. Also, the patient has hindfoot pain.
E. The subtalar joint does not have narrowing on the lateral radiograph.

Remediation:
A. Mild patellofemoral osteoarthritis is not a contraindication to unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.
B. Patients of all ages can be considered for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty assuming they meet other indications.
C. A patient should have 90° or more of arc of motion to undergo unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. According to the surgical technique, a minimum 110° knee flexion is required for proper femoral preparation.
D. Inflammatory arthritis affects the entire joint and, therefore, replacing only one compartment is not recommended. These patients require total knee arthroplasty.

Remediation:
A. According to a 2019 review of 2,500 revision total hip arthroplasty procedures performed between 2005 and 2015, the most common reasons for failure/rerevision were 1) instability, 2) periprosthetic fracture, and 3) aseptic loosening. Polyethylene wear had decreased to around 3%, compared with historical data that showed polyethylene wear as a more common reason for revision failure.
B. According to a 2019 review of 2,500 revision total hip arthroplasty procedures performed between 2005 and 2015, the most common reasons for failure/rerevision were 1) instability, 2) periprosthetic fracture, and 3) aseptic loosening.
C. Same as B
D. Same as B