Remediation:
A. DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) and Constant scores are positively correlated with the glenopolar angle. Patients with glenopolar angles of >20° have better functional outcomes than those with glenopolar angles of <20°.
B. Altman, et al. showed that associated rib fractures were an independent risk factor for worse DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) scores in their evaluation of 49 nonoperatively treated scapular body fractures.
C. Altman, et al. and Gosens, et al. demonstrated that there was a correlation between DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) scores and SF-36 (Short Form Survey-36) physical function scores in patients with polytrauma and in those with increasing Injury Severity Scores.
D. Same as A
E. Glenoid medialization of >2 cm relative to the lateral border of the scapula is a relative indication for operative intervention. There are currently no data demonstrating that medialization of <5 cm is associated with poor functional outcomes.

Remediation:
A. A medial subtalar dislocation is shown. The most common block to reduction in a medial dislocation is the extensor digitorum brevis.
B. A medial subtalar dislocation is shown. The most common block to reduction in a medial dislocation is the extensor digitorum brevis, followed by the peroneal tendons and the talonavicular capsule. The most common blocks to reduction in a lateral dislocation are the flexor hallucis longus, the flexor digitorum longus, and the posterior tibial tendon.
C. Same as B
D. Same as B

Remediation:
A. Osteoporosis results from an imbalance in bone turnover, resulting from increased osteoclast activity.
B. Decreased estrogen levels lead to increased osteoclast activity through a decrease in osteoprotegerin production. This decrease results in increased binding of RANK ligand to RANK and increased osteoclast activity.
C. Decreased estrogen levels lead to osteoporosis.
D. Osteoprotegerin levels are decreased in osteoporosis.

Remediation:
A. This is seen on magnetic resonance imaging in the early stages. In later stages, plain radiographs reveal a fragment or collapse of the capitellum on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs.
B. This is seen as a fragment off of the coronoid on lateral radiographs. Larger facet fractures can be seen on anteroposterior radiographs if they extend to the sublime tubercle.
C. The double bubble sign is indicative of a shear of the articular surface (the capitellum or the trochlea).
D. This represents a fracture line extending medially into the trochlear groove.

Remediation:
A. Nonoperative modalities should be tried first.
B. Same as A
C. Noninvasive modalities such as shoe modifications should be tried first.
D. Shoe modification is the first line of treatment.

Remediation:

A. iPSCs are produced by transfection of selected genes in somatic cells. Genes that are often used are Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4.
B. iPSCs are produced artificially from differentiated somatic cells.
C. Same as B
D. Same as B

Remediation:

A-D. Approximately 60% of the general population demonstrate radiographic osteoarthritis in the hand by age 60, most often seen in the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints, followed by the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joints. Radiographic thumb CMC osteoarthritis is more prevalent in women than men. Association with hand pain and disability is weak to modest.

Remediation:
A. A type-1 bunionette is characterized by prominence of the fifth metatarsal head without an increased fourth/fifth intermetatarsal angle.
B. A type-2 bunionette is characterized by lateral bowing of the fifth metatarsal, which is seen on this radiograph.
C. A type-3 bunionette is characterized by an increased fourth/fifth intermetatarsal angle without a lateral bow of the metatarsal.

Remediation:
A-D.  In the 2023 AJRR annual report, cementless and hybrid fixation were found to be associated with decreased cumulative percent revision compared to cemented fixation in males for both <65 and 65 and older cohorts in the AJRR database. Conversely, cemented fixation was found to have significantly lower cumulative revision
in females aged 65 and older; no significant difference was found in young females.

Remediation:
A. This patient's benign prostatic hyperplasia and increased urinary frequency places him at risk for postoperative urinary retention, causing an unplanned overnight admission after outpatient total hip arthroplasty.
B. While the patient does have evidence of a previous spinal fusion on the radiograph, and spinal fusion has been shown to be correlated with prosthetic instability after total hip arthroplasty, this complication would not be specifically associated with outpatient total hip arthroplasty.
C. While this patient does have diabetes, which has been shown to be associated with increased risk of prosthetic joint infection, this complication would not be specifically associated with outpatient total hip arthroplasty.
D. This patient does not have any risk factors listed that would place him at increased risk for venous thromboembolism after outpatient total hip arthroplasty. His benign prostatic hyperplasia and increased urinary frequency increase his risk for postoperative urinary retention requiring an unplanned overnight admission after outpatient total hip arthroplasty.