Remediation
A. Skeletal stabilization should be performed first, followed by repair of tendons, arteries, nerves, and veins. Without skeletal stabilization, there is no stable platform for performing the neurorrhaphy. In addition, the artery would be repaired before the nerve because the nerve is more superficial.
B. Skeletal stabilization should be performed first, followed by repair of tendons, arteries, nerves, and veins. This allows a stable platform for the revascularization. In more proximal injuries (i.e., forearm), a shunt may be used to restore perfusion first.
C. Skeletal stabilization should be performed first, followed by repair of tendons, arteries, nerves, and veins. This allows a fixed-length, stable platform to perform the tendon repairs, allowing proper tensioning of the tenorrhaphy.
D. In the absence of 12 hours of warm ischemia time or 24 hours of cold ischemia time, there is no contraindication to the standard techniques of revascularization with the skeletal stabilization being performed first.
E. Skeletal stabilization should be performed first, followed by repair of tendons, arteries, nerves, and veins. Without skeletal stabilization, there is no stable platform for performing the venous anastomosis.

Remediation
A. An MRI is appropriate to evaluate for possible abscess in this immunocompromised patient.
B. Although blood cultures would be appropriate, gram positive organisms remain the most common cause of soft tissue infections in patients with diabetes. Therefore, initial coverage of gram negative organisms is not indicated without information from cultures.
C. The history and clinical examination suggests a soft tissue or combined soft tissue/bony infection. Rheumatologic labs are not indicated.
D. If there is an abscess, surgical debridement is recommended.

Remediation
A. Nonoperative interventions such as wide toe-box shoes or shoe stretching should be the first line of treatment for a bunionette.
B. Nonoperative treatments should be tried before operative treatments are offered.
C. Nonoperative treatments should be tried before operative treatments are offered.
D. A toe spacer would not decrease pain at the lateral aspect of the foot and may make it worse by increasing pressure at the fifth toe-shoe interface.
E. This could cause irritation of the skin over the bunionette.

Remediation
A. Aspiration of gastric contents is associated with ARDS. Misplacement of the endotracheal tube is not likely with fiberoptic intubation, which theoretically decreases the risk of intubation-related complications such as aspiration.
B. Transfusion of blood products is an indirect lung-injury risk factor for ARDS.
C. Although some authors support delaying fracture fixation due to the risk of ARDS, there is also literature to support early long bone fixation.
D. Corticosteroid administration may help improve oxygenation early in the course of ARDS but is not a risk factor for ARDS development.

Remediation
A. Multiple studies have shown that there is no difference in fusion rates following single-level ACDF with or without postoperative collar immobilization. This is likely due to improved fixation techniques.
B. In the study by Campbell et al., patients who wore a cervical collar after 1-level ACDF had no difference in the number of revision surgeries when compared to those who did not wear a collar postoperatively.
C. There is no difference in return to work time for patients who wore a cervical collar after ACDF and those who did not.
D. Multiple studies have shown that there are no clinical or radiographic benefits to using a hard cervical collar postoperatively. This is likely due to improved fixation techniques.

Remediation:
A. The first line treatment for a displaced bucket handle meniscus tear is meniscectomy or meniscal repair. Meniscus repair is favored in younger patients in tears where tissue quality is good and the tear is in the peripheral zone, less than 4 mm from the meniscal rim.
B. The first line treatment for a displaced bucket handle meniscus tear is meniscectomy or meniscal repair. Meniscus repair is favored in tears where tissue quality is good and the tear is in the peripheral zone, less than 4 mm from the meniscal rim. Especially in younger patients.
C. The first line treatment for a displaced bucket handle meniscus tear is meniscectomy or meniscal repair. Meniscus repair is favored in tears where tissue quality is good and the tear is in the peripheral zone, less than 4 mm from the meniscal rim.
D. The first line treatment for a displaced bucket handle meniscus tear is meniscectomy or meniscal repair. Meniscus repair is favored in tears where tissue quality is good and the tear is in the peripheral zone, less than 4 mm from the meniscal rim.

Remediation
A. Most patients with posterior instability will have a posterior labral tear, but the size of the labral tear has not been determined to be related to the risk of recurrence. On the other hand, the size of a reverse Hill-Sachs lesion has been associated with increased risk of recurrent posterior instability.
B. As is the case with anterior instability, one of the greatest risks factors for recurrence of posterior instability is young age of the patient at the time of the initial dislocation.
C. A large reverse Hill-Sachs lesion is associated with recurrent posterior instability. A Hill-Sachs lesion, on the the other hand, is typically associated with anterior instability.
D. Electrocution is a risk factor for posterior dislocation but is not necessarily associated with recurrence.

Remediation
A. The radiograph demonstrates a vertical shear pelvic ring injury that commonly occurs from an axial/superior force. These injuries result in vertical displacement of the hemipelvis and may be associated with substantial hemorrhage.
B. An APC type 1 injury is defined as an anterior applied force that results in either <2.5 cm of pubic symphysis diastasis or vertical pubic rami fractures.
C. An APC type 2 pelvic ring injury has >2.5 cm of anterior ring diastasis with an anterior sacroiliac joint opening.
D. An LC type 1 injury results from a lateral force delivered over the posterior aspect of the pelvis. This results in transverse pubic rami fracture(s) and ipsilateral sacral compression.
E. An LC type 3 injury commonly occurs from lateral compression that crosses the midline to produce an external rotation injury of the contralateral hemipelvis, resulting in a "windswept" pelvis.

Remediation
A. The Kellgren and Lawrence scale is a radiographic grading system of knee osteoarthritis, based on a scale of 0 to 4.
0: no radiographic findings of osteoarthritis.
1: joint spaces are maintained with possible osteophyte formation.
2: possible joint-space narrowing on weight-bearing anteroposterior radiographic views of the knee, with osteophyte formation.
3: joint-space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis, osteophtye formation, and possible bony deformity.
4: joint-space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis, osteophtye formation, and definite bony deformity.
B. Grade-2 changes show definite osteophytes; possible osteophytic lipping is a grade-1 change.
C. This is seen in grade-3 and 4 changes.
D. This is seen in grade 4 changes.

Remediation:
A-D
According to a 2019 review of 2,500 revision total hip arthroplasty procedures performed between 2005 and 2015, the most common reasons for failure/rerevision were 1) instability, 2) periprosthetic fracture, and 3) aseptic loosening.