Remediation:
A. The patient is in class-II shock with slight tachycardia and normal blood pressure. A crystalloid challenge is appropriate. This will increase circulating volume and thereby improve cardiac output and oxygen delivery to the end organs.
B. A colloid solution will increase oncotic pressure, keeping fluid in the intravascular space longer. However, colloids are more expensive, can cause hypersensitivity reactions, and have no particular advantage over crystalloid solutions.
C. If there is an inadequate response, initial crystalloid, or worsening vital signs, then blood product should be given.
D. The patient is not in uncompensated shock and no active bleeding is described. A massive transfusion protocol with a 1:1:1 ratio of plasma, red blood cells, and platelets does not need to be initiated immediately.

Remediation:

A-F   Valgus extension overload causes pain in the late acceleration, deceleration, and follow-through or extension phases of throwing.

Remediation:
A. Compared to lumbar spinal fusion, patients undergoing total disc arthroplasty (TDA) have equivalent improvement in the VAS pain scores and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).
B. Compared to lumbar spinal fusion, patients undergoing total disc arthroplasty (TDA) have a lower rate of secondary surgeries (8% compared with 12%).
C. Patients undergoing total disc arthroplasty (TDA) do not have an increased risk of spontaneous fusion.
D. Patients undergoing total disc arthroplasty (TDA) do not have an increased risk of neurological deficit.
E. Compared to lumbar spinal fusion, patients undergoing total disc arthroplasty (TDA) have equivalent improvement in the visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at 5 years.

Remediation:
A. This patient is a young, male athlete playing contact sports who has recurrent dislocation with substantial bone loss, which makes him a candidate for a bone graft procedure to address the bone loss.
B. This patient needs a bone graft procedure. An open Bankart repair is not appropriate for him.
C. Arthroscopic or open coracoid transfer procedures are indicated for bone loss of 15% to 35%. Bone loss greater than that that should be addressed with other bone graft options such as an iliac crest autograft or a distal tibial allograft.
D. The width of the coracoid is 33% to 35% of the glenoid width, and bone loss of >35% should be addressed with other bone graft options such as an iliac crest autograft or a distal tibial allograft.
E. An open iliac crest autograft allows for restoration of large glenoid bony defects that cannot be addressed with a coracoid transfer.

Remediation:
A. Radiographs show an expansile bone lesion with a pathologic fracture. Stabilization is not necessary, but the cyst should be addressed.
B. Same as A
C. Radiographs show an expansile bone lesion with a pathologic fracture. The history indicates that this is a 2nd fracture. The cyst should be addressed to prevent further expansion and repeat fractures.
D. Radiographs show an expansile bone lesion with a pathologic fracture. The history indicates that this is a 2nd fracture. The cyst should be addressed to prevent further expansion and repeat fractures, which are likely with nonoperative management.

Remediation:
A-D.  A study by Xiong, et al. evaluated the role of age and sex in the cytokine and growth factor composition of PRP. The study concluded that sex plays a greater role than age by demonstrating higher cytokine and growth factor concentrations in male patients.

Remediation:
A-D. Normal SL angles range from 30° to 60°. SL ligament tears are associated with dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI) and large SL angles. LT ligament tears are associated with volar intercalated segment instability (VISI) and small SL angles.

Remediation:
A. Grade I hallux rigidus occurs when there is pain at extremes of motion, a mild dorsal osteophyte and normal joint space
B. The Coughlin and Shurnas classification is based upon 3 factors: dorsiflexion, radiographic findings, and clinical findings. Grade II classification is defined as mdoerate pain with range of motion, moderate sized dorsal osteophyte and <50% joint space narrowing
C. Grade III hallux rigidus involves decreased dorsiflexion of 75% to 100% with substantial joint space narrowing of over 50% with pain at end range of motion
D. Grade IV hallux rigidus has the same motion and radiographic findings as grade 3 (decreased dorsiflexion of 75% to 100% with substantial joint space narrowing), and there is also pain with mid-range passive motion of the joint.

Remediation:
A. The use of tranexamic acid has not been associated with an increase of venous thrombotic events.
B. Tranexamic acid use has been shown to decrease the requirement for blood transfusions.
C. Tranexamic acid has no effect on prothrombin time or partial thromboplastin time.
D. The route of administration does not affect the efficacy of the tranexamic acid.

Remediation:
A. Ante-inclination is the sagittal angle of the acetabular cup that changes with the motion of the pelvis and is so named because the angle is affected by a combination of the anteversion and inclination of the cup.
B. The pelvic femoral angle is the sagittal hip-femur position that is a measure of the flexion of the hip with sitting or in extension with standing in relation to the pelvic position.
C. Pelvic incidence is the angle between the line perpendicular to the sacral plate at its midpoint and the line connecting this point to the axis of the femoral head.
D. The pelvic teardrop is a radiographic feature that is seen on pelvic radiographs and results from the end-on projection of a bony ridge running along the floor of the acetabular fossa.